{"id":2032,"date":"2025-11-08T21:46:15","date_gmt":"2025-11-09T02:46:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.madischu.com\/?p=2032"},"modified":"2025-11-08T21:46:15","modified_gmt":"2025-11-09T02:46:15","slug":"singing-effects-on-nervous-and-endocrine-functions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.life360coach.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/08\/singing-effects-on-nervous-and-endocrine-functions\/","title":{"rendered":"Singing Effects on Nervous and Endocrine Functions"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-1qd0xha r-rjixqe r-16dba41 r-imh66m\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1adg3ll r-1g7jtus r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Singing has powerful, measurable effects on both the <\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">neurological<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (brain and nervous system) and <\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">endocrine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (hormone) systems.<br \/>\nThese effects span motor control, emotional regulation, stress reduction, and social bonding\u2014often amplified when singing in groups (e.g., choirs). Below is a structured breakdown supported by peer-reviewed research.<\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-adyw6z r-135wba7 r-b88u0q\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Neurological Effects of Singing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" start=\"1\">\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Motor &amp; Respiratory Neural Control<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Primary motor cortex (M1), supplementary motor area (SMA), &amp; cerebellum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Precise vocal articulation and breath control activate these regions more than speech (Brown et al., 2004).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Vagus nerve stimulation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Diaphragmatic breathing in singing increases vagal tone, enhancing parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) activity (Vickhoff et al., 2013).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Auditory-Motor Integration &amp; Mirror Neurons<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Arcuate fasciculus<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Stronger white matter connectivity in singers links auditory and motor regions, improving pitch accuracy and imitation (Halwani et al., 2011).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Mirror neuron system<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Group singing activates the premotor cortex via synchronized sound and movement (Tarr et al., 2014).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Neuroplasticity &amp; Cognitive Reserve<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Hippocampal &amp; prefrontal growth<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Long-term choir singing increases gray matter in auditory and memory regions (Wan &amp; Schlaug, 2010).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Executive function<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Singers show better working memory and verbal fluency (Talamini et al., 2017).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Emotional &amp; Reward Pathways<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Dopamine &amp; opioid release<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Peak emotional moments in singing (e.g., high notes, harmonies) trigger dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and endorphins (Salimpoor et al., 2011; Dunbar et al., 2012).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Amygdala downregulation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Singing reduces fear and anxiety responses via prefrontal-amygdala connectivity (Kreutz et al., 2004).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Balance<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Heart rate variability (HRV)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Synchronized group singing increases HRV, indicating stronger parasympathetic dominance (Vickhoff et al., 2013).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-adyw6z r-135wba7 r-b88u0q\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Endocrine Effects of Singing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" start=\"1\">\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Stress Hormone Reduction<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Cortisol \u2193<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Choir singing reduces salivary cortisol by <\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">20\u201330%<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> post-session, especially in stressful contexts (Kreutz et al., 2004; Fancourt et al., 2016).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">HPA axis modulation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Regular singing lowers the baseline cortisol level over several weeks (Beck et al., 2000).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Oxytocin Release (Bonding Hormone)<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">\u2191 Oxytocin<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Group singing elevates plasma oxytocin by <\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">30\u201350%<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">, promoting trust and empathy\u2014stronger than solo singing (Grape et al., 2003; Keeler et al., 2015).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Endorphins &amp; Mood Elevation<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">\u03b2-endorphins \u2191<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Post-singing euphoria linked to opioid peptide release, reducing pain perception (Dunbar et al., 2012).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Anandamide<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Possible endocannabinoid increase (speculative but supported by rhythmic activity parallels).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) &amp; Immune Function<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">\u2191 SIgA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Singing boosts mucosal immunity (salivary SIgA) by <\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">150%<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> within 1 hour\u2014stronger in group settings (Beck et al., 2000; Kreutz et al., 2004).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Sex Hormones &amp; Reproductive Health<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Testosterone<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Slight acute increases in male singers during performance (linked to social display; Schladt et al., 2017).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Estrogen balance<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: May help stabilize cycles in women by reducing stress and enhancing vagal tone.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-adyw6z r-135wba7 r-b88u0q\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Summary Table<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-xoduu5 r-1ifxtd0 r-lltvgl r-bnwqim r-13qz1uu\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">System<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">Key Effect<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">Biomarker\/Region<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">Evidence Level<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Neurological<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">\u2191 Vagal tone<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">HRV, vagus nerve<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">High<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">\u2191 Dopamine &amp; endorphins<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">PET, blood<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">High<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">\u2191 Hippocampal volume<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">MRI<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">Moderate-High<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Endocrine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">\u2193 Cortisol<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">Salivary assays<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">High<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">\u2191 Oxytocin<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">Plasma<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">High<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">\u2191 SIgA<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">Saliva<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-faml9v\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">High<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-adyw6z r-135wba7 r-b88u0q\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Clinical &amp; Practical Implications<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\">\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Therapy<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Music therapy with singing is evidence-based for aphasia, Parkinson\u2019s, COPD, depression, and dementia.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Mental health<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: As effective as exercise for reducing anxiety and depression symptoms.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Social cohesion<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Choir singing is a low-cost public health intervention for loneliness.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1adg3ll r-1g7jtus r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Bottom Line<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">: Singing is a <\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">vagus nerve workout<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">, <\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">cortisol killer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">, and <\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">oxytocin generator<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">\u2014a natural antidepressant, immune booster, and brain builder. Group singing amplifies nearly all benefits. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r\"><strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1adg3ll r-1g7jtus r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">References<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-adyw6z r-135wba7 r-b88u0q\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" start=\"1\">\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Beck, R. J., Cesario, T. C., Yousefi, A., &amp; Enamoto, H.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2000).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Choral singing, performance perception, and immune system changes in salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Music Perception, 18<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(1), 87\u2013106.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/40285902\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/40285902<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(SIgA and cortisol changes in choir singers)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Brown, S., Martinez, M. J., Hodges, D. A., Fox, P. T., &amp; Parsons, L. M.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2004).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">The song system of the human brain.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Cognitive Brain Research, 20<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(3), 363\u2013375.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.03.009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.03.009<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(Motor and auditory activation in singing)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Dunbar, R. I. M., Kaskatis, K., MacDonald, I., &amp; Barra, V.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2012).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Performance of music elevates pain threshold and positive affect: Implications for the evolutionary function of music.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Evolutionary Psychology, 10<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(4), 688\u2013702.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/147470491201000403\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/147470491201000403<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(Endorphin release during group singing)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Fancourt, D., Williamon, A., Carvalho, L. A., Steptoe, A., Dow, R., &amp; Lewis, I.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2016).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Singing modulates mood, stress, cortisol, cytokine and neuropeptide activity in cancer patients and carers.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Ecancermedicalscience, 10<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">, 631.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3332\/ecancer.2016.631\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3332\/ecancer.2016.631<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(Cortisol and immune effects in clinical populations)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Grape, C., Sandgren, M., Hansson, L. O., Ericson, M., &amp; Theorell, T.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2003).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Does singing promote well-being?: An empirical study of professional and amateur singers during a singing lesson.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 38<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(1), 65\u201374.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02734261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02734261<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(Oxytocin increase in professional vs. amateur singers)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Halwani, G. F., Loui, P., R\u00fcber, T., &amp; Schlaug, G.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2011).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Effects of practice and experience on the arcuate fasciculus: A diffusion tensor imaging study.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Journal of Neuroscience, 31<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(29), 10608\u201310617.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0852-11.2011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0852-11.2011<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(White matter changes in singers)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Keeler, J. R., Roth, E. A., Neuser, B. L., Spitsbergen, J. M., Waters, D. J. M., &amp; Vianney, J. M.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2015).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">The neurochemistry and social flow of singing: Bonding and oxytocin.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">, 518.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00518\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00518<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(Oxytocin and social bonding in group singing)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Kreutz, G., Bongard, S., Rohrmann, S., Hodapp, V., &amp; Grebe, D.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2004).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Effects of choir singing or listening on secretory immunoglobulin A, cortisol, and emotional state.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(6), 623\u2013635.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-004-0006-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-004-0006-8<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(SIgA and cortisol in active vs. passive music)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Salimpoor, V. N., Benovoy, M., Larcher, K., Dagher, A., &amp; Zatorre, R. J.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2011).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Nature Neuroscience, 14<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(2), 257\u2013262.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2726\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2726<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(Dopamine during musical peaks \u2013 applicable to singing)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Schladt, T. M., Nordmann, G. C., Emilius, R., Kudielka, B. M., &amp; Fischer, J.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2017).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Choir versus solo singing: Effects on mood, salivary cortisol, and testosterone in male singers.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Music &amp; Science, 1<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">, 1\u201311.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2059204317704821\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2059204317704821<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(Testosterone and cortisol in male singers)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Talamini, F., Alto\u00e8, G., Carretti, B., &amp; Grassi, M.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2017).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">The impact of vocal performance on cognitive functioning: A study with professional singers.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Musicae Scientiae, 21<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(4), 435\u2013451.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1029864916680868\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1029864916680868<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(Cognitive benefits in trained singers)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Vickhoff, B., Malmgren, H., \u00c5str\u00f6m, R., Nyberg, G., Ekstr\u00f6m, S. R., Engwall, M., &#8230; &amp; J\u00f6rnsten, R.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2013).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Music structure determines heart rate variability of singers.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Frontiers in Psychology, 4<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">, 334.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00334\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00334<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(HRV and vagal tone in choral singing)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-b88u0q r-1x3r274\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Wan, C. Y., &amp; Schlaug, G.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\"> (2010).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">Music making as a tool for promoting brain plasticity across the life span.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">The Neuroscientist, 16<\/span><\/span><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(5), 566\u2013577.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1g4g62n r-yn5ncy r-clrlgt r-nvplwv r-18jsvk2 r-14mxzap r-1ddef8g r-1loqt21\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073858410377805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-copy-preserve=\"1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073858410377805<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274 r-36ujnk\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3 r-1x3r274\">(Neuroplasticity from vocal training)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Singing has powerful, measurable effects on both the neurological (brain and nervous system) and endocrine (hormone) systems. These effects span motor control, emotional regulation, stress reduction, and social bonding\u2014often amplified when singing in groups (e.g., choirs). Below is a structured breakdown supported by peer-reviewed research. Neurological Effects of Singing Motor &amp; Respiratory Neural Control Primary [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,114],"tags":[50,136,56,137],"class_list":["post-2032","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-the-endocrine-system","category-the-nervous-system","tag-alzheimers-disease","tag-neurodegenerative-diseases","tag-parkinsons-disease","tag-singing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.life360coach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2032","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.life360coach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.life360coach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.life360coach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.life360coach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2032"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.life360coach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2032\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.life360coach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2032"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.life360coach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2032"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.life360coach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2032"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}